Drivers for the dairy industry include softening milk prices, elevated feed costs and narrowing profit margins. 

Dairies of all sizes in the Northwest benefited from record milk prices with larger milk checks exceeding increases in production and feed costs. In July, the Pacific Northwest Federal Milk Marketing Order uniform price averaged $24.48 per cwt. Dairies need strong milk prices to support increases in production costs. August feed costs set a record of $16.22 per cwt, up $3.55 per cwt from last year. Record dairy prices are softening and July milk prices fell by $0.91 while feed costs rose $0.80 month over month. 

Dairy quality hay experienced strong competition between Northwest dairies and exporters. This competitive pressure came to a stalemate in September as dairies and exporters assessed the market in hopes of lower prices. As exporters waited for lower prices, trade of export quality hay decreased and cooled hay prices. In Central Idaho, hay prices fell by $20 per ton. While prices have started to soften, challenges with getting hay to meet dairy quality standards and limited local hay trade deals ensure that prices will remain elevated. Dairies that purchase hay will continue to pay over $300 per ton for dairy quality hay or change feed rations to include less alfalfa (although finding affordable alternatives is difficult as prices are elevated for most forages). 

Producers have been cautiously optimistic about dairy profitability, paying down operating lines and holding off expansion projects (largely due to significant surges in construction costs). Milk prices are expected to fall faster than production expenses in 2023, narrowing margins. Producers may consider risk management programs (like dairy revenue protection, dairy margin coverage, and/or hedging instruments) to cushion the impact of declining milk prices. 

Rising inflation will test profitability while reducing the real value of milk checks. Profitability will be further tested by increases to the cost of borrowing on short-term variable-rate debt. The Federal Reserve has increased interest rates by 3% since the beginning of 2022 with further rate increases expected into 2023.

National Situation

Globally, rising production costs, labor challenges, poor pasture conditions and increasing environmental regulations have slowed dairy output in many of the major dairy exporting regions. 

In the European Union, milk production fell in Germany, France and the Netherlands. The hottest European summer on record hurt production and milk components (butterfat, protein) have still not fully recovered. Milk production can be negatively affected when temperatures reach 80°F without humidity (or 68 on the temperature-humidity index). At this temperature, cows turn energy away from digesting feed towards cooling themselves down. When eating less feed, milk output drops. In addition, crops across the EU experienced significant harvest reductions including a 16% annual decrease in corn. European dairies will face even higher feed costs going into 2023 after heatwaves decimated feed yields and negatively impacted pasture conditions. 

Australian and New Zealand milk production both decreased in the last year, declining 4.1% and 4.7%, respectively. In 2020, Australia adopted regulations requiring processors to report milk prices before milk is collected, in essence banning retrospective cuts to milk checks. On Sept. 15, a dairy processor was found guilty of breaching this regulation. This is the first case since the Dairy Code of Conduct was enacted two years ago. In New Zealand, unfavorable weather and poor pasture conditions were the driving factors reducing milk supply. However, higher prices and strong demand led New Zealand’s largest dairy exporter to raise their projected earnings in 2023, with farmer returns raised by NZ$0.38 per kilogram.